A ceiling is the overhead surface or surfaces covering a room, and the underside of a floor or a roof. Ceilings are commonly utilized to hide floor and roof construction. They have been special spaces for decorating from the earliest times: either in coating the plain surface, by featuring the structural members of roof or floor, or in commandeering it as a field for an overall pattern of relief.
Only a little is known of ancient Greek ceilings, but Roman ceilings were richly designed with relief and painting, as is seen within the vault soffits of Pompeian baths. In the Gothic period, the widespread design to use structural parts decoratively then adapted to the development of the beamed ceiling, for which large cross-girders support smaller floor beams at right angles to them, beams and girders being richly chamfered and molded and commonly painted in bright colours.
In the Renaissance, ceiling design was evolved to its highest point of originality and difference. Three types were developed. The first was the coffered ceiling, in the intricate design of which the Italian Renaissance architects far emulated their Roman prototypes. Circular, square, octagonal, and L-shaped coffers abounded, with their edges richly carved and the field of each coffer decorated with a rosette. The second form consisted of ceilings largely or partially vaulted, commonly with arched intersections, with painted bands emphasizing the architectural design and with pictures covering the rest of the area. The loggia of the Farnesina villa in Rome, decorated by Raphael and Giulio Romano, is a great illustration of this. During the Baroque period, fantastic figures in heavy relief, scrolls, cartouches, and garlands were also utilized to decorate ceilings of this kind. The Pitti Palace in Florence and many French ceilings in the Louis XIV style demonstrate this. In the third sort, which was especially coined of Venice, the ceiling became one single framed picture, as seen in the Doges’ Palace.
In contemporary architecture ceilings often are separated into two major forms — the suspended (or hung) ceiling and the exposed ceiling. With ceilings hung at some distance underneath the structural members, some architects have sought to cover large amounts of mechanical and electrical equipment, such as electrical conduits, air-conditioning ducts, water pipes, sewage lines, and lighting fixtures. Many suspended ceilings use a lightweight metal grid suspended from the structure by wires or rods to hold up plasterboard sheets or acoustical tiles.
Other architects, bringing out the aesthetic of the exposed structural system, take pleasure in revealing the mechanical and electrical equipment. In response to this design, many structural systems have been created that have an expressive power in themselves and make for admirable ceilings.
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